Lithium-ion ngu ai gaw hpa rai ta?

Lithium-ion battery gaw, n-gun n-gun n-rawng ai electrode hte n-kaja ai electrode lapran na lithium ions ni a shamu shamawt ai lam hpe madung tawn nna, bungli galaw na matu, lahkawng ngu na battery (recharge battery) rai nga ai. Charging hte discharging galaw ai aten hta, Li+ gaw electrode lahkawng a lapran e bang da nna de{3}}embedddedded rai nga ai: charge galaw ai shaloi, Li+ gaw kaja ai electrode kaw na de{5}}eembeddddedddedded rai nna, electrolyte hku nna n kaja ai electrode ni hta bang da ai, n kaja ai electrode gaw lithium-rich state hta nga ai; discharge galaw ai shaloi, dai hte nhtan shai ai lam nga ai.

PART 1: Battery ni hpe hpaw tsun dan ai
Lithium battery ni hpe lithium battery hte lithium-ion hku garan nna lang ai. Mobile phone hte laptop ni hta lithium-ion battery ni hpe lang nna, dai ni hpe lithium battery ngu nna shamying ma ai. Battery ni gaw, lithium elements lawm ai arung arai ni hpe electrode hku nna lang nna, dai ni na aten na tsaw ai{4}}}} n-gun dat ni a malai rai nga ai. Raitim, tengman ai lithium battery ni hpe shani shagu na electronic arung arai ni hta n law htum lang ai majaw, shanhte a hkrit tsang hpa grai law ai.
Lithium-ion battery ni hpe 1990 ning hta Japan mungdan na Sony Corporation kaw nna shawng nnan galaw shapraw ai rai nna, lithium ions hpe carbon (petroleum coke hte graphite) de bang da ai majaw, n kaja ai electrode (htunghking lithium battery ni hpe n kaja ai electrode hku nna lithium (sh) lithium alloy hpe lang ai). LixCoO2 hpe kaja ai electrode arung arai hku nna lang ai, LixNiO2 hte LixMnO4 hpe mung lang ai. LiPF{7}}} myit masin carbonate (EC)+dimethyl (DMC) hpe electrolyte hku lang ai.
Petroleum coke hte graphite ni gaw non{0}}}}}}elxic ni rai nna, n kaja ai electrode arung arai ni hku nna sut masa lam ni hta law law nga ai. Lithium ions ni gaw carbon hta rawng nga ai, dai gaw lithium a bungli kaba hpe tawt lai lu nna, htunghking lithium battery ni a shimlam manghkang ni hpe hparan ya lu ai. Positive electrode LixCoO2 gaw, manu jahpu hte n-gun dat ai lam hte asak hkrung lam hta madang tsaw ai hpe lu la mai ai majaw, manu jahpu hpe shayawm ya lu ai. Tsun ga nga yang, lithium-ion battery ni a hkum tsup ai bungli hpe grau kaja hkra galaw ai. Lithium-ion battery ni gaw tsaban 21 hta gat lawk kaba hpe zing la na hpe myit mada da ai.

PART 2: Battery shai hkat ai lam ni
Lithium-ion battery ni hpe lawu na battery lahkawng hte loi loi hte kayau kaya galaw da ai
Lithium battery ni: n kaja ai electrode hku nna metallic lithium hpe lang ai.
Lithium-ion battery ni: non{1}} n-gun rawng ai hka n-gun rawng ai n-gun rawng ai electrolytes ni hpe lang ai.
Lithium-ion polymer battery ni: polymer ni hpe hka n-gun rawng ai hka n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun ni hpe lang nna, shing nrai,-}solid electrolytes yawng hpe hkrak lang ai. Lithium-}ion battery ni gaw, graphite carbon arung arai ni hpe n kaja ai electrode hku nna lang ma ai.

PART 3: Madung amyu myu
Lithium-ion hta lang ai n bung ai electrolyte arung arai ni hte maren, lithium-ion battery ni hpe liqui Lithium- PLB ngu nna tsun ai Battery).
3.1 Liquid lithium-on battery ni
Rechargeable lithium-ion battery ni gaw, dai ni na aten na digital arung arai ni hta, mobile phone hte laptop zawn re ai, grau nna jai lang ai battery ni rai nga ai. Dai majaw, manu dan ai battery ni n hkrat sum hkra makawp maga ai arung arai ni (sh) makawp maga ai circuit ni nga ai. Lithium-ion battery charge grai law ai. ±1% laman hta, jahkring kau ai voltage hkrak ai lam hpe kam na matu, semiconductor jak kaba ni hpe galaw shapraw ai ni gaw, shim lum ai, kam mai ai hte lawan ai hku charge galaw lu na matu, lithium-ion battery charge galaw ai IC ni hpe gyin shalat da sai.
Madung mobile phone ni hta lithium-ion battery ni lawm ai. Lithium{-ion battery ni hpe hkrak jai lang ai lam gaw battery prat hpe jat ya na matu grai ahkyak nga ai. Dai hpe n bung ai electronic arung arai ni a ra kadawn ai lam ni hte maren, n-gun n rawng ai rectangular, cylindrical, rectangular hte button{4}shap ni hku nna galaw mai ai, battery law law hpe series hte parallel hku matut da ai battery pack ni nga ai. Lithium-}ion a masat da ai voltage gaw, arung arai ni galai shai ai majaw, 3.7V hku nna, lithium iron phosphate kaja ai electrode ni a 3.2V rai nga ai. Hpang jahtum na charge voltage gaw charge hpring ai shaloi 4.2V rai nna, lithium iron phosphate gaw 3.65V rai nga ai. Lithium-ion battery ni a hpang jahtum na pru wa ai n-gun gaw 2.75V kaw nna 3.0V du hkra rai nga ai ( battery galaw ai jak rung gaw bungli galaw ai voltage range (sh) hpang jahtum na hka lim ai voltage hpe jaw ai, parameters ni gaw loi mi shai ai, madung hku nna 3.0V, iron phosphate a iron phosphate gaw 2.5V re). 2.5V npu de matut nna pru wa ai (lithium iron phosphate a matu 2.0V) hpe n-gun jaw ai.
Lithium-ion gaw lithium cobalt oxide amyu myu lawm ai battery ni hpe positive electrode ni gaw n-gun kaba ai- hpe n-gun dat dat na matu n htap htuk ai majaw re. Ya aten hta grai law hkra shapraw ai hka pru ai lam gaw, hka pru ai aten hpe shayawm kau ya nna, kata na nbung katsi ai lam grau law wa na rai nna, n-gun n-gun yawm mat na re), hkrit tsang hpa byin chye ai; Raitim, lithium battery ni hpe lithium iron phosphate kaja ai electrode arung arai ni hpe charge galaw nna, 20C tsaw ai (sh) grau kaba ai (C gaw C{4}mAh zawn re ai battery a atsam re, 1C charge rate gaw 800mA re ai lachyum re), dai gaw wan jak mawdaw ni a matu grau nna htuk manu ai. Dai majaw, battery galaw ai wa gaw, lang ai shaloi, n-gun kaba dik htum hta n-gun n law ra ai, grau law ai discharge current hpe jaw ai.
Lithium-ion battery ni hta nbung katsi ai lam nkau mi nga ai. Dai jak rung gaw charge n-gun, hka n-gun n-gun hte n-gun n-gun n-gun hpe jaw ya ai. Overvoltage charge galaw ai gaw lithium-ion battery ni hpe prat tup hkra machyi shangun na re. Lithium-ion battery ni a charge galaw ai n-gun hpe battery galaw ai wa a hpaji jaw ai lam ni hpe madung tawn nna galaw ra ai, ya aten na shadawn sharam circuit hpe grai n-gun n-gun n-htum hkra (overheating) n-galaw na matu ra ai.
Masha law malawng lang ai charge rate gaw 0.25C~1C re. Current kaba hte charge galaw ai shaloi, battery hpe grai n hkra hkra, battery hpe grai katsi shangun ai (sh) bawm kapaw ai lam byin shangun ai hpe pat shingdang na matu law law lang mu lu ai.
Lithium-ion battery charge galaw ai lam hpe lahkam lahkawng hku garan nna, n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun hpe shawng nnan lang, dai hpang merinination voltage de ni wa ai shaloi, n-gun n-htum ai voltage charge galaw ai. Ga shadawn, 800mAh n-gun rawng ai battery langai gaw 4.2V voltage hpe jahkring kau ai. Battery hpe 800mA (charging rate gaw 1C) n galai shai ai sha charge galaw da ai. Shawng nnan hta gaw, n-gun kaba ai hte battery voltage jat wa ai. Battery voltage gaw 4.2V hte ni nga ai shaloi, 4.2V constant voltage charge de galai kau ai, ya aten gaw loi loi hte yawm wa nna, voltage mung grai n galai shai ai. 1/10-50C de charge galaw ai shaloi, charge galaw ai shaloi ( factory langai hte langai a setting value gaw n bung ai hte jai lang ai lam hpe n hkra ai), dai hpe hpring tsup ai hte ni dik ai ngu sawn la nna, charge galaw ai lam hpe jahkring kau mai ai (shan nkau mi gaw 1/10C ngut ai hpang timer hpe hpang nna, aten ladaw langai mi na ai hpang charge hpe jahtum kau ai).
3.2 N-gun n rawng ai lithium-ion battery
2023 ning April shata 19 ya shani hta, CATL gaw 2023 ning laman mass shapraw lu ai atsam nga ai 500Wh/kg du hkra n-gun atsam hte n-gun n-gun n-gun n-gun hte hpawng de da ai battery hpe shapraw dat sai.

PART 4: Bungli galaw ai lam

Lithium-ion battery ni gaw, n kaja ai electrode ni hte lithium- hpe kaja ai electrode hku nna lang ai. Metallic lithium n nga ai, lithium ion sha nga ai. Ndai gaw lithium-ion battery re. Lithium-}ion ngu ai gaw, lithium ion hta rawng ai n-gun rawng ai n-gun rawng ai n-gun rawng ai n-gun rawng ai n-gun rawng ai n-gun rawng ai n-gun rawng ai arung arai ni hpe lang ai, madung ga si hpe tsun mayu ai. Lithium-ion battery ni a charge hte discharge galaw ai lam gaw lithium ion hpe bang nna de{9}}embedding galaw ai lam rai nga ai. Lithium ions ni hpe n-gun jaw ai hte de{11}}embedding galaw ai shaloi, lithium ions ni hpe maren sha re ai electron ni hpe n-gun jaw ai lam ni hpe mung hkan nang hkan sa ai (dai gaw n-gun jaw ai lam hpe madi madun ai, n kaja ai electrode hpe madi madun na matu, n-gun jaw ai lam (sh) de{13}}embedding galaw ai gaw htung tara nga ai. Charging hte discharging galaw ai lam hta, lithium ions ni hpe bang nna, kaja ai hte n kaja ai electrode ni a lapran hta, "rocking chair battery" ngu ai hpe asan sha tsun ai, kaja ai hte n kaja ai electrode ni a lapran hta, nhtang bang/de{17}}inerted hpe bang da ai.
Battery hpe charge galaw ai shaloi, lithium ions ni hpe battery a positive electrode ntsa kaw na shapraw nna, byin pru wa ai lithium ions ni gaw electrolyte hku nna n kaja ai electrode de htawt sit mat wa ai. Carbon gaw negative electrode hku nna layered structure nga ai rai nna, micropores law law nga ai. N kaja ai electrode de du ai lithium ions ni gaw carbon layer a micropores ni hta rawng nga ai. Lithium ions ni grau law wa yang, charge galaw lu ai atsam grau law wa ai. Dai hte maren, battery hpe shapraw kau ai shaloi (dai gaw, battery lang ai ladat), negative electrode a carbon layer hta rawng ai lithium ions ni hpe shapraw nna, positive electrode de bai htawt sit mat wa ai. Positive electrode de bai nhtang wa ai lithium ions ni law wa yang, n-gun yawm wa ai.
Sumla
Madung hku nna, lithium battery ni a charge current hpe 0.2C hte 1C lapran kaw tawn da ai. Current kaba wa yang, charge law ai, battery a katsi ai grau kaba wa ai. Grau nna, current gaw grai kaba ai rai yang, n-gun n rawng na re, hpa majaw nga yang, battery kata na electrochemical reaction gaw aten la ra ai. Beer hpe ru bang ai zawn, nang grai lawan ai hku ru yang, foam hpe shapraw nna n hpring tsup na re.

PART 5: Components

Steel shell/aluminum/cylindrical/soft hpe shinggyin la lu ai.
Positive electrode: Dai n-gun rawng ai arung arai ni gaw, lithium manganese oxide (sh) lithium cobalt oxide, nickel manganese oxide arung arai ni, wan jak mawdaw ni gaw, nickel hkaulan mam oxide (n-gup n-ga ngu nna shamying ai) shing nrai, ternary + lithium manganese oxide loi mi hpe lang ai. Pure lithium mangane hte lithium iron phosphate ni gaw kaba ai, bungli n kaja ai (sh) manu kaba ai majaw loi loi hte htum mat wa nga ai. Conductive current mahkawng da ai wa gaw, 10-20 microns galu ai electrolytic aluminum foil hpe lang ai.
Diaphragm: Lithium ions ni hpe lawt lu ai hku lai wa lu ai, raitim electron ni n lu lai mat hkra, laksan galaw da ai polymer film langai mi hpe laksan galaw da ai.
Negative electrode: Active material gaw graphite, shing nrai carbon hpe graphite- zawn re ai hkrang hte carbon rai nna, conductive current mahkawng da ai wa gaw 7-15 micron galu ai electrolytic copper foil hpe lang ai.
Electrolyte: lithium hexafaophosphate hpe yeng seng kau ya ai carbonate ntsin ni, polymer ni gaw gel electrolyte ni hpe lang ma ai.
Battery shell: divided into steel shell (rarely used in square batteries), aluminum shell, nickel-plated iron shell (used in cylindrical batteries), aluminum-plastic film (soft packaging), etc., as well as the battery cap, which is also the positive and negative terminal of the battery.

PART 6: Battery nsam

Chemical battery yawng zawn, lithium-ion battery ni hpe mung, positive electrode, n kaja ai electrode hte electrolyte ngu ai daw masum hte hpawng de da ai. Electrode arung arai ni yawng gaw lithium ions ni rai nna, n-gun rawng ai (inerted)/de{2}}embedd (de{3}nerted) ni rai nga ai.
6.1 Kaja ai electrode arung arai ni
1) Kaja ai electrode arung arai ni
Laksan kaja ai electrode arung arai ni law law nga ai, madung arung arai ni hta lithium iron phosphate hpe grau lang ai. N bung ai kaja ai electrode arung arai ni hpe shingdaw yu ai:

2) Kaja ai electrode n-gun
Lithium ions hpe gaw n-gun dat ai aten hta bang nna charge galaw ai aten hta deintercalated galaw ai.
charge galaw ai shaloi: LiFePO4→ Li1-xePO{2} xLi xe-
Shapraw ai shaloi: Li1{3}xFePO{1} xLi xe- →LiFePO4
6.2 N kaja ai electrode arung arai ni
1) N kaja ai electrode arung arai ni
Graphite hpe law malawng lang ai. Titanate ni gaw grau kaja ai arung arai langai re ai hpe sawk sagawn ai lam nnan ni hta mu lu ai. Negative electrode n-gun: charge galaw ai aten hta Lithium ions ni hpe bang nna, n-gup n-gu n-gun yawm ai aten hta deintercalated galaw ai.
Charge galaw ai shaloi: xLi{{0} xe{1}} →LixC6
Shapraw ai shaloi: LixC6→ xLi{1}} xe-+ 6C
Madung hku nna lawu na garan ginhka ai lam ni hpe garan nna:
Carbon negative electrode arung arai ni: Lithium-ion battery ni hta teng sha lang ai n kaja ai electrode arung arai ni gaw, madung hku nna carbon arung arai ni rai nga ai, ga shadawn, artificial graphite, shingra tara graphite, mesophase carbon microbeads, petroleum coke, carbon fiber, pyrolytic resin carbon, etc.
Tin- hta n-ga, n kaja ai electrode arung arai ni: Tin- hpe madung tawn nna, n kaja ai electrode arung arai ni hpe amyu lahkawng hku garan mai ai: tin oxide hte tin- kaw na xosite oxide hpe garan mai ai. Oxide ngu ai gaw, magri tin a valence masa amyu myu a oxides ni hpe tsun mayu ai. Sut masa lam ni n nga ai.
Lithium- gaw, galai shai ai magri nitride n kaja ai wan n-gun rawng ai arung arai ni: hpaga yumga galaw ai arung arai ni n nga ai.
N kaja ai electrode arung arai ni: tin- hta lawm ai alloys ni lawm ai, silicon{{1} kaw nga ai germanium- hpe madung tawn ai, aluminum{{3} hpe madung tawn ai alloys ni, antimony- kaw nga ai alloys ni, magnesium- hta lawm ai alloys ni hte kaga alloys ni, hpaga lam ni n nga ai.
Nano- n kaja ai electrode arung arai ni: nano carbon tubes, nano alloy arung arai ni.
Nano arung arai ni gaw nano oxide materials ni rai nga ai: 2009 ning hta lithium battery hpaga lam a hpang jahtum na gat lawk rawt jat lam ni hku nna, company law law gaw nano titanium oxide hte nano silicon oxide hpe jai lang hpang wa sai, htunghking graphite, tin oxide, hte nano carbon tubes ni hpe jat bang nna, charge hte n-gun dat n-gun hpe grai shatsaw ya ai.
6.3 Electrolyte
Hpa majaw nga yang, lithium hka htung ni hpe lang chye ai, lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), lithium hexanophosphate (LiPF6), hte lithium tetrafluorobate (LiBF4) zawn re ai ni hpe lang chye ai.
Solvent: Since the working voltage of the battery is much higher than the decomposition voltage of water, organic solvents are often used in lithium-ion batteries, such as ether, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, etc. Organic solvents often destroy the structure of graphite during charging, causing it to peel off and form a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on shi a ntsa e, electrode passivation byin wa ai. Organic solutions ni mung, wan hkru ai lam hte bawm kapaw ai lam zawn re ai shimlam hte seng ai lam ni hpe la sa ya ai.
6.4 Conductive coating
Carbon-
Carthium-ion battery bang ai hta carbon-ion a akyu ni a akyu ni
Battery polarization hpe pat shingdang ai, nbung n-gun hpe shayawm ya ai, n-gun hpe jat ya ai;
Battery hpe ninghkap lu ai atsam hpe shayawm ya nna, cycle galaw ai aten hta n-gun ja ai kata na n-gun jat wa ai lam hpe grai shayawm ya lu ai;
N-gun grai ja ai, battery hpe jat shangun ai;
Active substances hte ya aten na mahkawng da ai ni a lapran na n-gun ja ai n-gun gaw, pole pieces ni a galaw shapraw ai manu hpe shayawm ya ai;
Ya aten na mahkawng da ai wa hpe electrolyte hte n-gun n rawng hkra makawp maga u;
Lithium iron phosphate hte lithium titanate arung arai ni a galaw shapraw ai lam hpe grau kaja hkra galaw u.
Battery hpe galaw ai substrate a ntsa hpe tsi lajang na matu functional coating ni hpe jai lang ai gaw hpaji masa ningnan langai mi rai nga ai. Carbon- hpe hkap la ai aluminum foil/copper foil gaw, garan pru mat ai nano- a graphite hte carbon{3}}} ni hpe aluminum foil/copper foil ntsa na n-gup magap ni hpe maren mara, n-gun n-gun hte n-gun ja hkra ka-up da ai lam rai nga ai. Dai gaw kaja dik ai static conductivity hpe jaw ya lu nna, active material a microcurrent hpe shinggyin la lu ai, dai hku nna kaja ai/n kaja ai electrode arung arai hte mahkawng da ai ni a lapran na matut mahkai ai lam hpe grai shayawm ya lu ai, dai lahkawng a lapran na matut mahkai lam hpe grau kaja hkra galaw ya lu ai, dai gaw lang ai binder hpe shayawm ya lu ai, dai hku nna battery a bungli yawng hpe grai kaja hkra galaw ya lu ai. Dai coating hpe hka n-gun (aqueous system) hte sau- (organic solvent system) ngu nna lahkawng hku garan ai.

PART 7: Kaja ai lam ni hte n kaja ai lam ni

7.1 Kaja ai lam
High voltage: Cell langai a bungli galaw ai n-gun gaw 3.7{{3}3.3.8V daram law ai (lithium iron phosphate a matu 3.2V), dai gaw Ni{4}}}Cd hte Ni-MH battery ni hta na 3 lang rai nga ai.
555mAh/g hta jan ai n-gun atsam langai mi hpe lu la mai ai (3{5}Cd a 2-3 lang, Ni-MH hta na 2-3 lang), dai gaw shi a theoretical value a 88% daram hte ni nga ai.
Galu kaba ai prat: Madung hku nna, 500 lang jan, shing nrai, 1000 hta jan nna du lu nna, lithium iron phosphate gaw 8000 lang du lu ai. Ya aten na hka n-gun kaji ai wan jak ni a matu, battery a service prat gaw, dai jak a shingjawng ai lam hpe lahkawng lang jat wa shangun na re.
Hkamja lam kaja ai lam: n san seng ai lam n nga ai, myit dum ai lam n nga ai. Li-ion a shawng na hku nna, lithium battery ni gaw shanhte a application shara ni hpe shayawm kau ya ai, hpa majaw nga yang, magri lithium gaw dendrites ni hte kadun ai- grup yin hpe n-gun jaw na matu loi ai: Li{3}}ion gaw, grup yin hpe awu asin di ai cadmium, lead, mercury hte kaga lam ni n lawm ai; nkau mi a lam ni hta Ni{4}}}Cd battery ni a n kaja ai lam kaba langai mi (sintering zawn re ai) gaw "memory effect" rai nga ai, dai gaw battery ni hpe jai lang ai lam hpe grai pat shingdang da ai, raitim Li{5}}ion gaw ndai manghkang hpe tsep kawp n nga ai.
Low self- n-gun n law ai: Shata mi tup nta kata na nbung katsi ai shara hta tawn da ai hkum tsup ai lit hpe hkam la ai Li-ion battery ni a self{1}}ion battery ni gaw 2% daram rai nna, dai gaw Ni-MH a 25{5}}30% hte 30-35% hta grau yawm ai.
Lawan ai hku charge galaw ai: 1C charge galaw ai atsam gaw minit 30 daram du hkra n-gun n-gun 80% jan du lu nna, iron{3}}}}phorus battery hpe minit 10 laman 90% du hkra charge galaw lu ai.
Operating nbung laru: Operating nbung katsi ai gaw -25~45℃re. Electrolyte hte kaja ai electrode ni rawt jat wa ai hte, -40~70℃du hkra jat wa na hpe myit mada da ai.
7.2 N kaja ai lam ni
Asak kaba wa ai: Kaga n-gun bai jat mai ai battery ni hte n bung ai sha, lithium-ion battery ni a atsam gaw loi loi hte yawm mat na re, dai gaw lang ai aten hte katsi ai lam hte seng ai. Ndai hkrat sum ai lam hpe atsam yawm mat ai (sh) kata na ninghkap ai lam law wa ai hku nna tsun dan mai ai. Hpa majaw nga yang, nbung laru hte seng ai majaw, bungli galaw ai n-gun grai law ai electronic arung arai ni hta grau nna dan dawng wa na re. graphite hpe lithium titanate hte galai ai gaw asak hpe jat ya ai zawn rai nga ai. Hkap la ai nbung katsi ai lam hte prat tup n-gun yawm wa ai lam lapran na matut mahkai lam: